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River Skerne and Mills of Great Aycliffe copyright Vivien Ellis |
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Few mills remain today on the Great Aycliffe stretch of the River Skerne, from Preston le Skerne to Coatham Mundeville. Thanks must be given to Mr Armstrong, Mr Brown and Mr Barnfather for allowing me to photograph their mills, and to Mrs Ida Hadrick for her information. The range of mills covers corn, paper, wood, fulling, bleaching and thread. This is an attempt to trace the history of these mills in Great Aycliffe. The earliest named inhabitant is in the Boldon Book of 1183: Thomas of Aycley who holds Wyteworth (Whitworth). Louisa Wilson, in her "Annals of Aycliffe" 1927, p. 304, states that Alexander de Whitworth, heir of Thomas, died in 1333. He had been a tenant of the ancient "Hall" in Acley, and had the right to grind his own corn in Acley Mill, rendering 20 Vas of corn, and his tenants 13 Vas. On p. 306, she also quotes the terms on which Woodham was held in 1392: "The heirs of Thomas de Wodom, Thomas de Whitworth, John de Whitworth, and Alicia de Whitworth, hold free of the Prior of Durham the whole vill of Wodom by knight's service, and fortnightly suit at the Prior's court at Durham, grind their meal at Aycley Mill, and give aids and the service of one man at harvest at the Prior's Manor of Acle and pay rent of 10s per annum." The earliest millers appear in the Halmota Prioratus Dunelmensis 1296-1393. In 1296 William, the miller (molendarius) paid 2s annuallly for 10 years for the oven of Aycley. In 1358 mention is made of millers: AKLEY. It was presented through the mill leaseholders that being tenants as freely as others they pastured their draught animals in a certain place called the milndam (mill dam?), which the leaseholders themselves declare belongs to them and is separate from the Lord’s. So these same leaseholders were ordered to distrain the free tenants that were pasturing it(there?). At also it was ordered that the other tenants should not pasture under penalty of 13s. 4d In 1364 William Warand, heir of Nicholas of Ketton milled at the mill of the Lord of Ayclyf. The following year 3 men, William Usscher, Thomas Perkynson and William Hibbus, took over the mill at Aycley: Dimmissio molend' de ACLEY. Willelmus Usscher, Thomas Perkynson et Willelmus Hibbi ceperunt molend' de Acley a festo S. Mart. A,D. etc. Lxy usque ad terminum trium annorum - - redd. inde annuatim 8 li. Three years later a different 3 men, Tho. de Preston, Nicholas de Bewyk and Henry Milner of Skolacleff, took over the mill after a concern about the corn and fulling mills: In 1370 there was some concern about a theft at the mill. The miller was Peter Snart, and a William Pouer knew about the opening of the walls of the mill: About Peter Snart’ [or Suart] the miller for 1 sack and 1 bushel. 1 pt of corn at the price 2s 4d. In the default of Peter himself /theft from the mill as had been ascertained through the jury, from which half will be relaxed by the fact that the walls [error for" portae" 1] of the aforesaid mill had been open, with the knowledge of William Pouer [not before mentioned in this entry] 6d. Eight years later, in 1378, it seems this same William Power moved into a cottage next to the mill, whose miller had recently been Gilbert Grubbe: ACLEY. William Power took 1 cottage with a garden next to the mill which Gilbert Grubbe held last.: He was to have and to hold to the end of his own life.: To be paid to the exchequer of the Prior 2s. 6d. and he will maintain his homes and will give up in a sufficient state. And about the other homes the land-holder will do at his own will. Premium 12d. ACLEY. WilIelmus Power cepit j cotagium cum gardino juxta molendinum quod Gilbertus Grubbe ultimo tenuit: habend. et tenend. ad term. vitae suae: redd. scaccario domini Prioris 2s. 6d. et manutenebit suas domos et eas in sufficienti statu dimittet. Et de aliis domibus terrarius faciet voluntatem suam - - Gres'm'a 12d.
In 1378 William Warrand is in court again to account for his diversion of a water course which used to run through the middle of the street to the river Skirn (1st mention of the Skerne found so far). This diversion had caused damage to John Fergouson's home - the diversion now went through it, and also seriously damaged the manor below: In 1382 William Power comes to court again to take over the water mill at an annual cost of £6 13s 4d paid to the exchequer of the Lord Prior of Durham. ACLEY. Will. Pouer v. in cur. et c. molend. aquaticum de Acley - - usque ad term. iij an. - - redd. p. a. scac. dom. Prioris Dunelm. vj li. xiij s. iiij d. [with usual condition for upholding the mill and leaving in repair] Louisa Wilson, in her "Annals of Aycliffe" of 1927, p.46, quotes an entry from the Marescalia, 1370-80, transcribed in the Durham Accounts Rolls, Vol. 99, about William Power: " Court of Marshalsea of the Lord Prior of Durham held at Acley on Wednesday next before the Feast of St. Luke the Evangelist. William Power is a brewer, he has a bushel measure, he is a farmer and miller; his bushel is not sealed, and is therefore forfeited. For this he is amerced (fined). He does not exhibit a gallon, quart, nor pottle measure, for this he is amerced; nor his mill-weights. John Teddi is surety for the fine and amerciament." Louisa also quotes p.148 from the Feodarium in the Surtees Society Publication Vol. 58, pp59-63: "Item, the heirs of the said Gilbert (Randolf) and Robert (Randolf) and Nicholas (Randolf) hold of the Prior 1 messuage on Northland, between the Almoner's holding to the west, and Acley watermill on the east.......................the heirs of William Wedom (Wodom), William Power and John Power....hold 8 acres of those 40 acres formerly belonging to Robert son of Sabina, by knight's service and suit at Prior's free court at Durham three times a year and mow and make hay, and turn the Mill-stone so as to grind 13 measures, and render service and aids for the same amount of land as that entered in the books of Prior Thomas, and pay 16d in rent". Louisa has also found a reference, p. 174, to the mill at Aycliffe in Bishop Hatfield's Survey of 1381: "C. Free Tenants.- The Prior of Durham pays rent of 12d per annum for the site of the mill of Acly" .In Volume 18 of The Surtees Society which has the Ecclesiae Dunelmensis, Liber Bursarii for 1530-1 on page 23 there is a reference to the mill pond at Aycliffe which cost 12 d per annum " Domino Episcopo pro fixione stagni molini in Acley per annum 12d." Later, referring to 1531-2, there is evidence that Aycliffe was producing linen: " et in 9 ulnis hardynge de Johanne Gyels de Aykley ad 2d - 12d.....et de Willielmo Colson de Aykley 10 uln." ulnis is from ulna - an ell - between 42 and 45 inches. Hardynge was a rough linen cloth. About 1549 in the Appendix of the Halmota, are two millers: John Brasse, who had a water mill, paying £4,13s 4d per annum.
Louisa Wilson, p. 243, has found a Richard Brasse, who was buried at Aycliffe December 22, 1567, as a tenant holding the Mill. and Widow Harrison, who had a fulling mill, paying 40s per annum.
Of the fulling mill, Louisa Wilson gives the following interesting information on pp 151-2: "Here (the fulling mill) no doubt the Prior's wool was cleansed before it was woven by the women of the vill, and made up into the habit of the Order. After the Reformation it was turned to purely industrial uses with "Wedow Harrison" as tenant, and continued to function under the name of the Walk Mill; for fuller's earth is known in Germany as "Walker-erde". In the last stage of its existence, Aycliffe Mill was maintained to provide work for the "poor of the parish"." Louisa quotes a section of the Aycliffe Churchwarden's Book, 1747, from which we find that on April 21, 1747, "a Purchase was made with Thomas Richardson of Preston -le-Schearn of a House and Walk-mill lying and being in the Township of Ayckliff, by the Minister, Churchwardens and Twenty-four then assembled for the Sum of Sixty Pounds." The next mention of the Skerne and the responsibilites to maintain bridge by the communities is found in the Durham Quarter Roll Sessions 1471-1625. On July 8, 1618, there is a memo that Ralph Conyers, Knight, knows for certain about the ruinous state of Ketton Bridge, which is the responsibility of the parishioners of Haughton and Aycliffe. These parishioners would be fined £13 6s 8d at the next court on September 30 unless the bridge was repaired by then:
The next section tries to follow the mills on the River Skerne from the north at Preston le Skerne to the south at Coatham Mundeville. Preston le Skerne Ricknall Mill
In 1364 in the Halmota Prioratus Dunelmensis, there is mention of a Hugh of Ricknall, who had custody of William Ibbus until he was 15 years old: Louisa Wilson, p. 184, shows the tenancy of Sir William Darcy of Rykenhall and Copelaw as "For three lives held of the Bishop, grounds called Coplaw with a water cornmill belongning. Y.V. B. W. £160" In the Baptism Register for St. Andrew's Church, Aycliffe, there is the baptism of William Nelson, son of William of Ricknall Mill, on February 27, 1687 William Taylor is the miller in 1749. He buried his son James February 20, 1749:
George Ware, of Rickland Mill, had his two sons, Thomas and James, baptized May 11, 1794. The Burial Register provides us with the name of another miller, William Fogg. He died aged 67 and was buried June 6, 1817.
The Walker family had along association with Rickland Mill. They were there from at least 1775 when John Walker of Ricknell Mill was buried July 1. Another John Walker's daughter Elizabeth was baptized July 24. His son Abraham was baptized 2 years later on November 11, 1787. In the Burial Register for 1800 John Walker, Miller of Rickland Mill, died March 20 and was buried at Aycliffe March 22, age 51 years. Abraham Walker died 1818, aged 36:
and baptized in 1818 is Ann Walker, daughter of Robert and Mary Walker:
Louisa Wilson, p. 184, also quotes a curious details mentioned by Surtees, writing in 1818: "Rickland House, the mill, (usually, but wrongly, called Bradbury Mill) and the Bat ( a small parcel of ground surrounded by the mill-race and the Skerne), pay all rates to Heighington, except the Easter dues and the tithe of the Bat, which are paid to the Vicar of Aycliffe; these however also were formerly paid to Heighington. A trial at law was likely to have taken place concerning the tithe&c. of the above, but Heighington gave way... All settlements made by service, occupation &c. belong to Heighington. The lands adjoining the mill pay all rates, tithes, &c. to the township of Woodham in the parish of Aycliffe. A new mill and house under one one continued roof were built last year (i.e. 1815), on the South side of the old mill and house, and about 20 yards from them." She also states that the occupants of this reconstructed house have for many years been Mr & Mrs Thomas Searle, a name known to the parish since 1440. I In 1821 William Metcalfe was a miller at Rickland mill:
Cuthbert Willis appears in the Parson and White "History, Directory and Gazetteer of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland" of 1828 as corn miller at Ricknall Mill and in Pigot & Co.'s Directory of 1834 as miller at Great Aycliffe. In the 1841 census at Ricknall Mill there is still Cuthbert Willis, age 40, born in Co. Durham. His wife, Mary Gibson, age 35, from the parish of Haughton le Skerne in Co. Durham, married Cuthbert by Licence at St. Andrew's Church, Aycliffe April 26, 1827. In the 1841 his children are Mary, 11, Sarah, 9, John, 7, Robert 5 and Gibson 1.
In the Burial Register for 1830 Mary Willis, age 1 year, was buried on Augsut 29. In January 1841 Cuthbert had signed a lease for the mill with Thomas Ord, Gentleman, from the Teasdale family of Preston Lodge. Cuthbert was the churchwarden for Woodham from 1839 till 1855 (Valerie Brown, SALTIRE, pp.32 &33). In the 1847 Baptism Register Robert Ianson and his wife Sarah had their son Thomas baptized September 22. Robert was a waggoner at Ricknall Mill. In 1855 the Baptism Register provides the name of a labourer at Ricknall Mill: Thomas Peckitt.
William Bagley is miller by 1858, when he appears in the commercial section of Woodham of Kelly's Post Office Directory. His son Robert, age 20, married Mary Searle, age 18, of Hill House Farm, Aycliffe, February 16, 1859. His daughter Ann, age 19, married Robert Russell, a railway worker, of Aycliffe, July 19, 1864. William was buried at Aycliffe on October 30, 1869, age 54. Aycliffe unnamed mills In the Parson and White Diretory of 1828 for Great Aycliffe there are listed Nicholas and William Phillips, Paper manufacuters and Rt. Playfair, corn miller. Below is a description from this directory, giving the various types of mill at Aycliffe:
In 1783, at the Mill, is George Wilkinson:
There is a headstone that shows evidence of a fulling mill. It is of Ralph Thompson, who was died June 26, 1799 and was late of this place, Bleacher. His wife was Alice, named below in the Burials Register.
Aycliffe Mill is named as the abode of Alice , who died in 1814, age 69.
Thomas Race, who married Mary Hall May 18, 1807, was a miller of Aycliffe, at the baptism Barbara, February 10, 1811. William Earl's daughter, Elizabeth, was baptized later in 1807:
Joseph Proud was a miller at Aycliffe in 1810 & 1815:
In 1816 & 1817 there is reference to a spinning mill at Aycliffe. Abraham Shipton was master of the spinning mill:
Nine years later Abraham Shipton died and was buried January 12, 1826. His abode was Cotham Mill. Working as foreman at the spinning mill in 1816 is William Robinson:
Evidence for a fulling mill still in action is the reference to bleachers, Ralph and William Thompson, in 1809, 1810, 1811 & 1816:
In the Burial Register 19 year old Ann Thompson of Aycliffe Bleaching Mill was buried on November 6, 1823. William Nelson was a miller in 1817 &1819 at Aycliffe:
Yet another miller at Aycliffe in 1819 is William Walker:
John Marley was also a millwright at Aycliffe, in 1819 and 1822:
In the Burial Register for 1828 there is John Marley of Aycliffe, age 47 years, who was buried on July 4. Is this the John above? Also, in 1852, Elizabeth Marley was buried December 25, age 74 years. Is this John's wife? Thomas Smith, millwright, had an illegitinmate child by Grace baptized in 1821:
Another miller residing at Aycliffe was GeorgeDodds and his wife Elizabeth who had a son baptized in 1822.
In 1823 there is a baptism for the daughter of a millwright , Thomas Smith, of Aycliffe, but there is a different mother to the child of Thomas Smith of 1821:
In 1823 there arealso the baptisms for the children of 2 paper makers, one of whom is listed in the directory above in 1828 (Phillips Nicholas & Wiliam, paper manufacturers):
Also named as Worsted Manufacturers in Aycliffe in the directory above are Thomas Gibson and Thomas Sheriff. Thomas Sheriff is listed in Pigot & Co.'s Directory of 1834 as a stocking worsted manufacturer of Great Aycliffe. Thomas was buried December 12m 1846, age 60. His wife, Lucy Crawford of Heighington, was buried twenty years later on February 1, 1866, age 78 years. In the same directory of 1834 William Patrick, of Great Aycliffe is listed. This is the same William whose daughter Mary is mentioned below. In 1837 George Warren Hardy, miller, married Elizabeth Jeminson?, servant, November 27, at St. Andrew's Church, Aycliffe. In 1838 Mary Pattrick, of Aycliffe, daughter of William Pattrick, miller, married William Graham, wharfinger of Thornaby, Yorkshire, July 10. There is recorderd the death of William Pattrick, age 62, buried September 21, 1845. Though it doesn't state that he was a miller in the Burial Register, he is presumably the miller above. Living in Low Row, Aycliffe, in 1841 is the miller William Patterson, age 55, not born in Co. Durham, and his wife Hannah, age 50, children Jane 15, Hannah, 10, all born in Co. Durham. Also in Low Row is Johnathon Lidler?, miller, age 20, born in Co. Durham. Thomas Howd, miller, of Aycliffe, son of William Howd, miller, married Jane Corner November 22, 1845. Titus Marley, joiner, of Aycliffe, who married Mary Deighton, of Aycliffe, July 25, 1846, was the son of John Marley, mill-wright. In Hagar and Co.'s Directory of 1851 listed as corn millers are Henry Atkinson and Thomas Blair. Thomas Blair is in the 1851 census living in Heighington Street. Thomas was 58 years old. His wife Jane, from Yorkshire, was 56, and his son David was 20. David was also a miller. In 1855 Elizabeth Dickson, age 19, of Woodham, daughter of Thomas Dickson, miller, married Thomas Peckitt, age 20, July 22. In Whellans Diretory of 1856 the millers are J. Gill, Henry Hadrick of John & H Hadrick, and C. Stonehouse. In 1858 Richard Carr Stonehouse is listed as a miller in Kelly's Post Office Directory. William Simpson, miller at Aycliffe, and his wife Alice had their son, George William, baptized January 29, 1862. In Slater's Directory of 1864 listed as millers are John Bagley, John and Henry Hadrick of Brafferton and Aycliffe, and Richard Robinson. Aycliffe named mills Monk's End Mill
Monk's End Mill is named in the 1841 census. The miller is George Chapman, his wife is Margaret, both aged 25 and born in Co. Durham. In the Post Office Directory for 1879 is Peter Scott, saw mills. In the 1891 census we still find the Scott family at the Saw Mill:
Holm Mill - Mill Holme
There is a lot of information about Mill Holme at the southern end of the village. It is marked on a map from the 1640s as Holm Mill. Holm means a flat piece of ground by a river that is submerged in times of flood (O.E.D). 3 rd February 1702 Will of Thomas Gibson Thomas Gibson late of East Hartburn in the parish of Norton left by his will dated the 3 rd February, 1702 a plot of 1½ acres ground called the Mill Holm in the township of Aycliffe to the poor of said parish to be distributed in White Bread every Sabbath day to poor widows who attend Church. 25 th July 1785 Between John Gibson of Hurworth in the County of Durham & Gentleman of the one Part And James Robson Vicar of Great Ayckliff in the said County Clerk of the other Part...... the said John Gibson Hath transferred assigned and sett over and by these Presents Doth transferr assign and sett over unto the said James Robson his successors and Assigns All that the said Close or parcel of Ground called or known by the Name of the Mill Holme with the rights members and Appurtenances thereunto belonging as the same is now in the Possession of Ralph Thompson as Tenant thereof And all the Estate right Title Interest Trust Possession Property Claim Right and benefit of renewal Claim and demand whatsoever of him the said John Gibson of in or to the said Close or any part thereof To have And to hold the said Close or parcel of Ground called the Mill Holme mentioned or intended to be hereby assigned with the Appurtenances unto the said James Robson his Successors and Assigns from henceforth for and during all the residue and remainder of the said Term of Twenty one Years yet to come and unexpired. (Transcription of lease) It seems that the actual miller who was renting the mill was Ralph Thompson. In a memo in the Parish Register for 1834 it states that in the early part of this year the mill holm, (left by will abnout 100 years ago to the poor of the township of Aycliffe) was drained at the joint expense of the township and the Vicar. It contains about an acre and a half, and has been divided into 8 yards and let to as many cottagers belonging to the township, at a rent of 10/ each garden. The holm mill 1 acre, 2 roods, seven perches. In 1849 April the mill-holm was drained again, with tiles 2 ft half deeper nearly. In the 1841 census Holm Mill is not named, but at the same place in the schedule as Holm Mill in the later censuses is Spring Garden Mill. The miller is William Tweddle, age, 20, his wife Jane, also 20, and son John, age 5, all born in Co. Durham. In 1843 William Tweddle, miller, of Aycliffe, married Jane Guy May 6. In the 1851 census, at Holm Mill, we find below:
Is Jane Atkinson, née Tweddle, the sister of William above? Henry Atkinson is named in the Hagar & Co. Directory for 1851. In Whellans Directory of 1856 J. Gill is mentioned. He wasJohnathan Gill, husband of Alice,who died 1859, of Holme Mill as shown in the headstone in St. Andrew's churchyard:
Johnathan Gill had retired as miller but still lived at Holm Mill in the 1861 census, living with the next miller, George Marriner:
By 1871 Jonathan Gill has left, but George Marriner and family are still there:
George Marriner died in 1879.
Jane Marriner, George's widow, is still at Holm Mill in the 1881 census:
The daughter Jane Marriner had married Robert Dixon, a miller at Killinghall, Ripley, Yorkshire. March 13, 1870 they had their daughter, Jane Elizabeth, baptized. Christine, whose great grandfather was Joseph Wilson Dobinson of Preston West Farm, has informed me that his brother Richard Dobinson married Mary Ann Marriner above . Richard paid £70.0.11 on November 10 1885 to the Earl of Eldon for the rent of the farm. Sadly Richard died 2 years later, age 37, of pthisis. His wife, Mary Ann, had also died earlier that year, 1887, age 28.
Richard and Mary Ann Dobinson In the 1891 census we find a slight change in the mill name and a new miller:
In 1901 we find Henry Marriner, son of George, has returned to Mill Holme:
George Marriner's great, great, great granddaughter, Fiona, has information about George's son Robert. Robert married and moved to Darlington. January 7, 1896 he buys the Co-Operative Corn Mill from The Darlington Corn Mill, Flour and Provision Company Limited (in liquidation) for £2,250,00. The porperty was at 49 (formerly no. 5) Parkgate, Darlington. There were 2 cottages, store rooms, a smith's shop, engine and boiler, also the fixed roller milling plan therein. There was also a dwelling house and front shopin Parkgate, now occupied by William John Olver, and also a right of way over the yard and passage adjoining. So the milling tradition carried on. Brafferton Mill This lies to the south of Mill Holme, south of the old bridge that crosses the River Skerne.
In 1742 the miller was William Ditchburn. Sadly he buried his daughter Ann on Christmas Day.
In 1752 Anthony Vasey was the miller at Brafferton Mill:
In 1755 Thomas and Elizabeth Mins were at Brafferton Mill, and had a daughter Elizabeth
William Brown buried his son Thomas July 9, 1763:
The Stampers milled at Brafferton Mill in the 1700s and from the Baptism Register are
and from the Burial Register are Sarah Stamper, daughter of John Stamper of Brafferton Mill was buried May 22, 1780.
By the 1851 census John Stamper , born 1792, had retired and was living in Newcastle with his wife Mary, both age 59, and his son William, age 25, a traveller for brewery. All were born in Aycliffe. There is a baptism for William, son of John and Mary in October 1823.
They also had older sons, John, George and Richard:
In the Burial Register for 1841 Alice Stamper, age 80 years, was buried November 25. Presumably she is the Alice Scott who married John Stamper above. Also at Brafferton in the early 1800s is George Hutchinson. Whether he worked at Brafferton Mill is not known.
John Bentham was a corn miller at Brafferton the the Parson and White Directory of 1828. In Pigot & Co.'s Directory of 1834 John Hadderick of Aycliffe is listed as miller. In the 1841 census we still find the Hadrick family as millers, now at Brafferton Mill. Their daughter, Anne, had married George Stephenson May 3, 1834. This family became well known as millers and still milled until WWll.
There are Banns in 1807 for a John Hadrick:
John and Margaret had a son in 1810 and a daughter in 1815:
John Hadrick, the father above, died age 70 years and was buried July 11, 1841. Margaret Hadrick married George Chapman in 1838. Sadly their infant son Hohn Hadrick Chapman was buried February 4, 1845. Henry Hadrick, miller, son of John Hadrick, miller, married Mary Munby, daughter of Daniel Munby, Innkeeper, January 5, 1852. Henry died age 56 and was buried June 22, 1867 . Henry Hadrick of Brafferton Mill, died 1867 In Whellans Directory 1856 and Slater's Directory 1864 J & H Hadrick are millers of Brafferton. By Whellans 1865 edition there are entered as millers and farmers. In the 1881 census John Hadrick is miller and farmer of 150 acres, employing 5 men and 1 boy. He is 28 and his wife Jane 29, both born in Aycliffe. By the 1891 census John is also a flour dealer:
Coatham Mill
The mill at Coatham Mundeville was a thread and corn mill. In the Baptism Register for 1737 is
John Booth, of Coatham Mill in Haughton Parish, had his son John baptized September 6, 1774. In 1782 there is Edward Scarr at Coatham Mill.
In 1798
Working with flax at Coatham Mill is James Stanniland in the early 1800s. His wife 2 years before he did. Their entries in the Burial Register are:
In 1819 we are given the name of the master of the spinning mill at Coatham- Joseph Gibson, whose daughter Margaret was baptized in July:
Is Joseph Gibson related to Thomas Gibson, named as Worsted Manufacturer in the 1828 directory? We are given the name of a labourer, John Clemenston, at Coatham Mill in 1810 & 1819:
Found in the Burial Register is Eleanor Marks, dying young:
More research has still to be done about Coatham Mill.
Wind Mill Very little is known about the Wind Mill. The photographs were taken before the recent renovation of the house.
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